Understanding Stroke: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention
A stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in Ghana, with incidence increasing across all age groups and a notable rise in cases among adults aged 35–59. Recent data shows over 20,000 cases annually, with high mortality rates—up to 43% within 28 days. Hypertension is the primary risk factor, frequently affecting the coastal zone more heavily.
Types of Stroke
1. Ischemic Stroke (about 87% of cases): Caused by a blockage in a blood vessel supplying the brain.
2. Hemorrhagic Stroke: Occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, causing bleeding.
3. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): A temporary blockage, often called a "mini-stroke."
Symptoms of Stroke
Recognizing stroke symptoms fast is crucial—remember the acronym FAST:
• Face drooping
• Arm weakness
• Speech difficulty
• Time to call emergency services
Risk Factors in Ghana
• Hypertension: Leading cause, especially in coastal zones
• Diabetes
• Lifestyle changes
• Age
• Family history
Key Statistics in Ghana
• Leading Cause of Death: Stroke is a primary cause of mortality.
• Rising Cases: Over 23,000 cases recorded in 2021.
• Mortality Rate: 43.4% case fatality rate; 3-year mortality exceeds 50%.
• Age and Demographic: 53% of cases in 60+ age group; 41.3% in adults aged 35–59.
Prevention Strategies
• Manage blood pressure and cholesterol
• Quit smoking
• Healthy diet and regular exercise
• Control diabetes
• Know your numbers: Target blood pressure under 120/80 mmHg
Treatment
• Ischemic: Clot-busting drugs (tPA) or mechanical thrombectomy
• Hemorrhagic: Surgery to repair vessels and reduce brain pressure
• Rehabilitation: Physical, occupational, and speech therapy
Mortality Timeline
• 13.2% of patients die within the first day of admission
• Over 62% of deaths occur within the first week
Stroke is a major health concern in Ghana, causing significant death and disability. Stay informed, live healthily, and act FAST if symptoms appear.